EKONOMI KOPERASI

Nama : Yelpi Pertiwi
Kelas : 3EA25
Npm  : 17215230
Tugas : Ekonomi Koperasi (Membuat Mapping)

           Ekonomi Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum  dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan atas azas kekeluargaan. Dan setiap orang-orang tersebut memiliki tugas dan wewenangnya masing-masing.

           Sejarah koperasi pada awalnya dimulai pada abad ke-20 . Pada umumnya sejarah koperasi dimulai dari hasil usaha kecil yang spontan dan dilakukan oleh rakyat kecil. Kemampuan ekonomi yang rendah mendorong para usaha kecil untuk terlepas dari penderitaan .Secara spontan mereka ingin merubah hidupnya. Di Indonesia ide - ide perkoperasian diperkenalkan oleh, R. Aria Wiraatmadja yang pada tahun 1896 yang mendirikan sebuah Bank untuk para Pegawai Negeri. Karena semangat yang tinggi perkoperasian pun selanjutnya diteruskan oleh De Wolffvan Westerrode. Pada tahun 1908, Dr. Sutomomendirikan Budi Utomo. Dr Sutomo sangat memiliki peranan bagi garakan koperasi untuk memperbaiki dan mensejahtrakan kehidupan rakyat. Pada tahun 1915 dibuat peraturan-peraturan Verordening op de Cooperatieve Vereeniging dan pada tahun 1927 Regeling Inlandschhe Cooperatiev.

Pada tahun 1927 dibentuklah Serikat Dagang Islam. Dengan tujuan untuk memperjuangkan kedudukan ekonomi parapengusah-pengusaha pribumi. pada tahun 1929 berdiri Partai Nasional Indonesia yang memberikan dan memperjuangkan semangat untuk penyebaran koperasi di Indonesia. Pada tahun 1942 negara Jepang menduduki Indonesia.Lalu jepang mendirikan koperasi yang diberi nama koperasi kumiyai. Setelah bangsa Indonesia merdeka tanggal 12 Juli 1947. Gerakan koperasi di Indonesia mengadakan Kongres Koperasi pertama kalinya di Tasikmalaya.Hari itu kemudian ditetapkanlah sebagai Hari Koperasi Indonesia. Kongres Koperasi pertamamenghasilkan beberapa keputusan :1. Mendirikan sentral Organisasi Koperasi Rakyat Indonesia [SOKRI]
2. Menetapkan gotong royong sebagai asas koperasi

3. Menetapkan pada tanggal 12 Juli sebagai hari Koperasi

Pada tanggal 12 Juli 1953, mengadakan kembali Kongres Koperasiyang ke-2 di Bandung. Kongres koperasi ke -2 mengambil putusan :

1. Membentuk Dewan Koperasi Indonesia Dekopin ]sebagai pengganti [ SOKRI ]

2. Menetapkan pendidikan koperasi sebagai salah satu mata pelajaran di sekolah

3  Mengangkat Moh. Hatta sebagai Bapak Koperasi Indonesia

4. Segera akan dibuat undang-undang koperasi yang baru

Pelaksanaan program perkoperasian pemerintah mengadakan kebijakan :

1. Menggiatkan pembangunan organisasi perekonomian rakyat terutam koperasi

2. Memperluas pendidikan dan penerangan koperasi
3. Memberikan kredit kepada kaum produsen, baik di lapangan industry maupun pertanian yang bermodal kecil

             Prinsip koperasi terdiri dari:

1.  Keangotaan bersifat sukarela dan terbuka

     Maksudnya setiap keanggotaan/anggota secara sukarela memberikan modalnya sendiri-sendiri             untuk di gabungkan sebagai usaha bersama berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan dan kenggotaan           bersifat terbuka maksudnya terbuka untuk siapa saja yang mau menjadi anggota koperasi tersebut. 2. Pengelolaan dilakukan secara demokrasi

    Maksudnya karena setiap kenggotaan koperasi bebas berpendapat, tetapi yang dimaksud bebas            berpendapat harus memakai aturan yang jelas berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sebagai gerakan                ekonomi rakyat berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan demi mewujudkan dan mengembangkan                      perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan.

3. Pembagian SHU dilakukan secara adil sesuai dengan besarnya jasa usaha masing-masing anggota,      Maksudnya setiap hasil usaha (SHU) adalah jasa darj masing-masing anggota dan modal dari 

    masing-masing anggota ,jadi pembagian SHU setiap anggota harus dibayar secara tunai karena 

    disini setiap anggota adalah investor atas jasa modal,selain investor anggota koperasi adalah 

    pemilik jasa sebagai pemakai/pelanggan. SHU juga merupakan hak dari setiap anggota koperasi.

4. Pemberian balas jasa yang terbatas terhadap modal.

    Pembelian balas jasa di dalam anggota koperasi terbatas oleh besarnya modal yang tersedia.                Apabila modal sedikit pembelian balas jasanya juga sedikit dan begitu juga sebaliknya, jadi dilihat
    dari besar-kecilnya modal anggota itu sendiri.

5. Kemandirian.
    Maksudnya setiap anggota mempunyai peran, tugas dan tanggung jawab masing-masing atas setiap

    usaha itu sendiri, selain itu anggota koperasi di tuntut berperan secara aktif dalam upaya  

    mempertingi kualitas dan bisa mengelola koperasi dan usaha itu sendiri.
6. Pendidikan perkoperasiaan

    Maksudnya pendidikan perkoperasiaan memberikan bekal kemampuan bekerja setelah mereka  

    terjun dalam masyarakat karena manusia disamping sebagai makhluk sosial juga sebagai makhluk 

    individu, dan melalui usaha- usaha pendidikan perkoperasian dan partisipasi anggota sangat di 

    hargain dan dianjurkan dalam berkehidupan koperasi, selain itu juga melalui pendidikan 

    perkoperasiaan setiap orang dapat memenuhi kebutuhannya masing-masing.

7. Kerjasama antar koperasi.

    Maksudnya adanya hubungan kerjasama antar koperasi satu dengan koperasi lainnya untuk 

    mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama dan

    dengan adanya kerjasama antar koperasi dapat mewujudkan kesejahteraan koperasi tersebut

              Tujuan koperasi adalah untuk Meningkatkan kesejahteraan dan kualitas hidup seluruh anggota pada khususnya dan lingkungan  daerah kerja pada umumnya, Memenuhi kebutuhan anggota dalam hal ekonomi, Menggalang solidaritas dan toleransi antar anggota, Ikut membantu pemerintah dengan berperan membangun tatanan perekonomian nasional dalam rangka mewujukan demokrasi ekonomi yang berkeadilan, Memajukan dan mengembangkan unit usaha yang sifatnya bisnis.

              Konsep koperasi terdiri dari: 

1. konsep koperasi barat

    koperasi merupakan organisasi swasta, yang dibentuk secara sukarela oleh orang-orang yang mempunyai 

    persamaan kepentingan dan maksud mengurusi kepentingan para anggotanya serta menciptakan keuntungan

    timbal balik bagi anggota koperasi maupun perusahaan koperasi.Unsur-unsur positif konsep koperasi barat :

    - Keinginan individu dapat dipuaskan dengan cara bekerja sama antar sesama anggota, dengan saling

      membantu dan saling menguntungkan

    - Setiap individu dengan tujuan yang sama dapat berpartisipasi untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dan

      menanggung resiko bersama

    - Hasil berupa surplus/keuntungan didistribusikan kepada anggota sesuai dengan metode yang 

      telah disepakati

    - Keuntungan yang belum di distribusikan akan dimasukan sebagai cadangan koperasi 

2. Konsep Koperasi Sosialis

    koperasi direncanakan dan dikendalikan oleh pemerintah dan dibentuk dengan tujuan  

    merasionalkan produksi, untuk menunjang perencanaan sosial. Menurut konsep ini koperasi tidak

    bekerja sendiri tetapi merupakan subsistem dari sistem sosialisme untukmencapai tujuan-tujuan 

    sistem sosialis-komunis 

3. Konsep koperasi negara berkembang

    Koperasi sudah berkembang dengan ciri tersendiri, yaitu dominasi campur tangan pemerintah 

    dalam pembinaan dan pengembangannya. Perbedaan dengan konsep sosialis, pada konsep sosialis,

    tujuan koperasi untuk merasionalkan faktor produksi dari kepemilikan pribadi ke pemilikan 

    kolektif sedangkan konsep koperasi negara berkembang, tujuan koperasi adalah meningkatkan 

    kondisi sosial ekonomi.

              Bentuk Koperasi menurut PP No.60 tahun 1959. Bentuk koperasi ialah tingkat-tingkat
koperasi yang didasarkan pada cara-cara pemusatan, penggabungan dan perindukannya.” 4 bentuk koperasi,yaitu:

1. Primer.
    Koperasi yang minimal memiliki anggota sebanyak 20 orang perseorangan.Biasanya terdapat di

    tiap desa ditumbuhkan koperasi primer.

2. Pusat.

    Koperasi yang beranggotakan paling sedikit 5 koperasi primer di tiap daerah Tingkat II 

    (Kabupaten) ditumbuhkan pusat koperasi.
3. Gabungan
    Koperasi yang anggotanya minimal 3 koperasi pusat di tiap daerah Tingkat I (Propinsi) 

    ditumbuhkan Gabungan Koperasi.

4. Induk

    koperasi yang minimum anggotanya adalah 3 gabungan koperasi, di Ibu Kota ditumbuhkan  Induk

    Koperasi.

             Tanggung jawab koperasi keharusan untuk melakukan semua kewajiban/tugas-tugas yang dibebankan kepadanya sebagai akibat dari wewenang yang diterima atau dimilikinya. Tanggung jawab tidak dapat dilimpahkan kepada orang lain. Wewenang diterima maka tanggung jawab harus juga diterima dengan sebaik-baiknya. Inilah sebabnya top manager yang menjadi penangung jawab terakhir mengenai maju/mundurnya suatu perusahaan.Tanggung jawab pengurus koperasi :

· Pengurus, baik bersama-sama, maupun sendiri-sendiri, kelalaiannya; menanggung kerugian yang  

  diderita Koperasi, karena tindakan yang dilakukan dengan kesengajaan atau kelalaiannya.
· dapat dituntut oleh penuntut umum

· bila mengangkat pengelola maka bertanggung jawab atas pengelolaan tersebut.

             Pola Manajemen Koperasi di Indonesia Terdapat pembagian tugas (job description)pada masing-masing unsure. Demikian pula setiap unsur manajemen mempunyai lingkup keputusan (decision area) yang berbeda, kendatipun masih ada lingkup keputusan yang dilakukan secara bersama (shared decision areas). Bagaimanapun Pengurus harus faham tentang sistem yang diterapkan, tahu tentang potensi dan kendala yang dihadapi koperasinya. Dengan demikian setiap usulan yang disampaikan bisa cepat dianalisa berdasarkan potensi dan kendala yang ada. Sehingga alasan yang disampaikan pada anggota adalah logis. Dan pada akhirnya keputusan yang diambil bukan menjadi pemberat tapi menjadi pendorong bagi koperasi untuk  bisa terus berkembang. Pada koperasi yang mempunyai anggaran cukup, biasanya Rapat Anggota dilaksanakan 2 kali. Pada Desember biasanya Rapat Anggota untuk membahas Rencana Kerja dan RAPB tahun berikutnya. Sedang pada Pebruari dilaksanakan Rapat Anggota yang membahas LPJ Pengurus dan Pengawas. Sementara bagi koperasi primer dengan anggaran pas-pasan, biasanya penyelenggaraan kedua jenis Rapat Anggota tersebut dijadikan satu. Agar persidangan Rapat Anggota bisa berjalan, tentu ada rambu-rambu yang harus dipatuhi. Untuk ketukan palu saja juga ada aturannya. Ketukan palu satu kali sebagai keputusan. Sedang ketukan 2 kali sebagai tanda skorsing dan pencabutannya, perpindahan pimpinan sidang. Ketukan palu 3 kali menunjukan tanda pembukaan ataupun penutupan. Tapi bila ketukan palu lebih dari 3 kali hali ini dimaksudkan untuk menenangkan forum atau minta perhatian forum. 

              Persidangan baru bisa dimulai bila quorum terpenuhi. Dalam tata tertib biasanya disebutkan sidang Rapat Anggota dianggap syah bila dihadiri oleh sekurang-kurangnya 50 % + 1 dari jumlah anggota yang diundang. Sementara peserta sidang tentu diharapkan bisa menjaga tata tertib persidangan sebagai etika forum. Selain itu mempunyai dasar dari tiap dialog yang dibangun. Untuk itu peserta juga harus faham tentang tujuan persidangan. A.H. Gophar mengatakan bahwa manajemen koperasi pada dasarnya dapat ditelaah dari tiga sudut pandang, yaitu organisasi, proses, dan gaya. Dari sudut pandang organisasi, manajemen koperasi pada prinsipnya terbentuk dari tiga unsur : anggota, pengurus, dan karyawan. Harap dibedakan struktur atau alat perlengkapan organisasi yang sepintas sama adalah : Rapat anggota, Pengurus,dan Pengawas. Tapi bagaimanapun, pimpinan sidang akan sangat menentukan jalannya persidangan. Untuk itu suatu yang wajib bagi pimpinan sidang agar menguasai materi persidangan. Disamping itu juga menguasai tata cara sidang serta faham tujuan. Pimpinan sidang juga harus mampu memfasilitasi kebutuhan forum dengan cara jadi pendengar yang baik serta kritis. Namun pimpinan juga harus tegas pada keputusan-keputusan yang telah diambil.

Daftar pustaka:

1. http://www.ilmu-ekonomi-id.com/2016/08/pengertian-koperasi-tujuan-prinsip-landasan-dan-modal-

    koperasi.html?m=1

2. http://darealekonomi.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/sejarah-dan-perkembangan-koperasi-di.html?m=1

3. https://indhigo.wordpress.com/7-prinsip-koperasi/

4. https://koperasiubinus.wordpress.com/asas-dan-tujuan-koperasi/

5. http://rickyhakim55.blogspot.co.id/2013/10/konsep-koperasi_27.html?m=1

6. http://deviliasugiarto.blogspot.co.id/p/jenis-dan-bentuk-bentuk-koprasi.html?m=1

7. http://annisayulia.blogspot.co.id/2012/11/tugas-wewenang-dan-tanggung-jawab.html?m=1

 

 

TUGAS SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS 2

TUGAS SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS 2

NAME                           : YELPI  PERTIWI

CLASS                           : 1EA26

NPM                               : 17215230

LECTURER                 : NONI  MARLIANINGSIH

MATERI AL                : INDONESIAN’S  PRODUCT  ( KAIN  SONGKET )

Songket cultural history of Palembang, Indonesia

1.   History and Development of Kain Songket
Kilkenny has a long history, starting from the Srivijaya kingdom until the glory of the Sultanate of Palembang Darussalam. Sriwijaya kingdom in its heyday around the 7th century AD became the forerunners of the city lies on the banks of Musi river this. A lot of priceless relics from the famous royal, one of which is cultural Wastra (cloth), a beautiful, songket. The existence of songket showed a high level of culture, because the fabric is stored a variety of things such as materials used, workmanship manner, the meaning contained in it as well as how to use and levels of people who wear them.
The existence of Palembang songket is one of the Srivijaya royal heritage evidence capable penguasai trade in the Straits of Malacca in his day. Historians say that the kingdom of Srivijaya around XI century after the collapse of the Malay kingdom holds the hegemony of the sea trade with foreign countries, among countries that have trade relations with the kingdom of Srivijaya is Indian, Chinese, Arabic etc.. The existence of this trade hegemony shows a greatness of the maritime kingdom in the archipelago at the time. Geographical situation in the traffic between China and India trade Goliath make a royal kingdom of Srivijaya maritime and international trade.
Sparkling gold color and luster that glows in this fabric, provides its own value and shows a greatness of the people who make songket. If we see a series of yarn and woven neatly arranged through symmetrical patterns, showed that the fabric was made with the people skills who understand the various ways to create quality fabric, that is able to decorate cloth with various designs. This capability is not everyone can do it, the skill and accuracy are absolutely necessary to make a songket. This knowledge is usually obtained by heredity from generation to generation.
According to some historians, as quoted by the Supreme S from Bandung ITT Research Team in his book entitled "Knowledge Printed Textiles" (1977:209), says that since the time Neolithikum, in Indonesia already know how to make clothes. From the tools Neolithikum relic can be known that the bark is a man dress in prehistoric times in Indonesia. The instrument used is the bark bat made from stone, as found in the collections of the Central Museum in Jakarta. In addition to clothing from bark, also known clothing material using animal skin that is generally used by men as a dress or outfit for the ceremony for the war. Since prehistoric ancestor of the Indonesian people also are familiar with weaving techniques. This is reinforced by the discovery of prehistoric pottery in which there is a decoration made of coarse woven fabric.
Dizaman prosperity was visible from the Srivijaya empire that produces a variety of songket, which at that time estimated songket sparkling color to royal officials in particular to give the king in embroidered made from gold. As a kingdom rich in gold and other metals from other, partly gold-gold is sent into the land of Siam (Thailand) to be the golden thread which is then sent back kekerajaan Srivijaya, by the crafters gold threads are woven with the threads of colored silk in those days imported from Siam (Thailand), India and China (China). International trade brought great influence in terms of processing songket especially in combining materials to be used as songket. Songket cloth for the King and kelurganya would require more material and workmanship, gold-coated silk thread became a prominent ingredient in pembuatanya, resulting in a sparkling songket, which shows a greatness and wealth that is not infinite.

International trade relations that led to the kingdom of Srivijaya empire that is open to outside influences, the existence of trade relations with neighboring countries indirectly affect local kebdayaan. As a result of an exchange of goods in trade has affected the pattern or motif generated songket Palembang area. Many art influences brought by the traders, which of them come from the Middle East and China (Chinese) influence the design motif in Palembang songket. One is the Islamic religion brought by traders from the Middle East, although in Islamic art are not allowed to create living creatures, but within the design songket seemed made of certain animal animal. Like for example many species of birds, reptiles and dragons. Mangosteen flower motif in the design songket also present in the Prambanan reliefs from the ninth and tenth centuries, experts estimate that there are similarities with the motifs that exist in Palembang songket design and this is evidence from the time of Hindu heritage in Indonesia contained in fabric design Palembang songket to the present.
After the weakening of the kingdoms in the archipelago, especially in Palembang and the arrival of Dutch colonialism, there have been changes in the structure of public life until just before World War II, the existence of songket had suffered a setback because of the difficulty of the necessary raw materials. However, the presence songket which is a relic of Indonesian history are preserved mainly because they still have a place in public life. Songket persistence of this, besides having a beautiful shape also has historical values ​​that long in the history of this nation, the greatness of the kingdom of Srivijaya not be separated from the presence of songket. The existence of this songket has helped raise the kingdom of Srivijaya through an international trade.
Dutch departure from the land of the archipelago and the arrival of the Japanese occupation and during the Revolution until 1950, continues to deliver songket craft at the point of worrying because of the difficulties in getting raw materials and marketing products such songket. In the Japanese colonial period, Indonesia experienced extortion so that raw materials used to make songket very difficult to obtain. By the year 1950 and thereafter, the craft has begun songket ketch sought re-scale in a way to remove the threads of gold and silver threads woven songket the old (which is not used anymore) because the fabric had rotted silk as the basis for a woven fabric songket new, this situation lasted until 1966. It was not until around the year 1966 (the end), handicraft business much done songket started again by the crafters songket like old times with the number of threads of silk imports come from overseas, like China and Taiwan via traders from Singapore and yarn gold-thread from India, France, Japan and Germany. Palembang songket has undergone many ups and downs in his efforts to maintain cultural heritage of the past. But still survive until today. The existence of this songket, is one huge national asset and should be maintained at all existence. Songket has become the hallmark of the city of Palembang and is part of the culture of Indonesia. The Indonesian nation is rich in heritage and culture in the form of fabric or the other.

2.  The types of Motif Kain Songket Palembang

     Use songket is generally used as a custom clothing Palembang people to attend the wedding ceremony, ceremonial shaving baby's hair and as a dancer clothing Gending Sriwijaya (welcome dance). According to ITT Team Djamarin.dkk from Bandung (1977:217-218) meyebutkan about the kinds of motives Palembang songket, including:

    a. Songket Lepus

        Lepus means covering, so understanding is songket songket Lepus that have nearly menututpi golden thread throughout the fabric. Gold with high quality yarn imported from China. Sometimes threads of gold was taken from songket very old (hundreds of years) because the fabric becomes brittle, gold thread embroidered fabric back to new. Quality songket Lepus species is of the highest quality and most expensive price. In accordance with a picture of his motive, then even this Lepus songket various names, among others songket Lepus latitude (pictorial star), songket grapes Lepus, Lepus songket chain, songket Lepus threaded, and others.

    b. Songket Tawur

        In the design of the fabric which tawur songket on motive does not cover the entire surface of the fabric but in groups and spread lies (studded / tawur). As forming weft motif is not inserted from the side kepinggir weaving fabric as in the case songket usual, but only in groups only. As with songket Lepus, songket tawur also vary among other names songket tawur latitude, songket tawur look mangosteen, songket tawur silver trays, and others. 

   c.  Songket Tretes Mender

        In songket this species is not found a picture in the middle of the fabric motif (polosan).  Motifs contained in songket Tretes mender there on both ends of the base and at the edges of the cloth.

   d.  Bungo songket Pacik

        In songket this type, most of his motives made of gold thread that was replaced with white cotton thread, so that the gold thread woven not much else and only used as a distraction only. 

    e.  Songket Combination

        In songket this type is a combination of the types of songket above, for example songket Bungo songket tawur China is combined with songket Bungo Bungo songket pacik while diamond is a combination of songket Tretes mender with songket Bungo pacik.

    f.  Songket Limar

        Songket is not formed by additional threads as well as on-songket songket other. Development of flower-motif derived from the threads of the feed or the dyed warp yarn on the parts tetentu before weaving. Usually combined with songket Limar developed with gold thread songket tawur until called songket Limar tawur. Kinds of songket Limar jando include ornate, jando bride and flower boyfriend. To strengthen the basic fabric weaving yarn songket in gold or silver thread, it is often used to lungsinya cotton fiber and silk for their feed.

       

        Reference : http://my-songket.blogspot.co.id/p/songket-cultural-history-of-palembang.html

SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGIS 2

TUGAS SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS 2

NAME                 : YELPI  PERTIWI

CLASS                : 1EA26

NPM                    : 17215230

LECTURER       : NONI  MARLIANINGSIH

TOPIC                 : MAKING A FREE ESSAY ABOUT JUNK FOOD

Definition of Junk FoodJunk food is the food was prepared in quick time, easy to prepare, practically, processed in a simple way, and produced by the food processing industry with high technology. Therefore , the pattern offered by fast food restaurants are eating Westerners . So, junk food is usually synonymous with Western-style food such as hamburger, hotdog, French fries, milkshake, and fizzy drinks. Junk food has become a trend now because of busy work and other life demands make less time for cooking side dishes and vegetables for daily food. Finally, many people are turning to instant foods.
  Advantages of  Junk FoodThe most obvious advantage of junk food is a time saver. In the fast-paced life that is, there is no better choice than getting ready meals. No matter how many chefs extolling the benefits of fresh food, on the hour when home from work, when someone comes home tired and hungry state, pizza or burger can be a brilliant idea for dinner. Apart from having to spend time in the kitchen, cooking the food also requires one to take a trip to the supermarket to buy the ingredients for the dish. Then before consumption, all food ingredients requires a process of washing and peeling. All this makes fast food is preferable to cook their own meals for the busy individual.In addition to time, provide cost savings advantages junk food over the food prepared in the kitchen. If a person living alone, it is cheaper to buy food at the supermarket rather than cooking at home. Also the junk food such as fries and burger price is quite cheap.Junk food does not cause health problems. However, if careful, you can find several options on the menu of the restaurant junk food can be healthy. The salad is a smart choice. Select for bakery products made from wheat bread. Choose lean meats. If you could choose between a choice of fried and boiled, choose the stew. Avoid ordering carbonate drinks when you are thirsty. Drop option for fruit juice, low-fat milk, diet soda. Is there anything better than plain water to quench your thirst? At present, the nutritional information of the food served (and materials used) is displayed in the menu card. You can always switch on certain junk food options are offered, where you can restrict the use of ingredients that are not healthy. For dessert do not play an important role in the junk food menu, you can refrain from the menu dishes as sweet as ice cream was delicious and tempting. 

 Disadvantages of Junk FoodUsually, fast food rich in soy, fat, sugar, oil, fried meat, salt, cheese, mayonnaise and clearly calories. The biggest disadvantage of junk food is the negative effects on one's health. It is a fact that junk food is not healthier than home-cooked food, because it contains higher amounts of unwanted nutrients such as salt, fat and various kinds of additives (artificial chemicals). It may contain harmful bacteria as well. Frying destroys most of the essential nutrients from food. A very small amount of vegetables and fruits are usually present in junk food. In addition, 'serve a larger portion "when most people do not need to increase the portion has led to some health problems. We need a bit of salt to maintain healthy cells and tissues. Junk food rich in salt, adversely affects cardiovascular health and overall health of an individual. These foods is an important contributor to the problem of obesity in the American population. Obesity continues to rise, and a direct link is mentioned refer between junk food and obesity in children.Given the lifestyle that we live today, excess fat and calories that we take on the fast food is not used fully. The result is that these foods accumulate in our body as fat deposits that cause complications such as heart disease and other related diseases of the liver. Obese people will come problems of other diseases such as high blood pressure and joint diseases. It's like a chain reaction triggered by junk food and suspended by our lifestyle is not healthy. In fact, a recent study has shown that people who live in close proximity of fast food restaurants 13% higher risk of suffering a stroke compared with those who live a considerable distance.The greater the amount of food in a message at a junk food restaurant , the greater is the bill . Eating at junk food outlets is economical only for one person only . Going out to eat junk food along with the family once in a while would not be a problem . However , frequent visits to fast-food restaurant with a large family can also be a problem in your pocket , in addition to being unhealthy .Junk food is also seen as a factor that makes a number of families spending increasingly less time together . Family meal time is something that is considered as an opportunity for all members to get together and share their experiences . However, junk food centers quickly began to eat away at the time of this quality . It expecially for young children , a fast food outlet is a good and comfortable place to hang out with their friends and their colleagues .                             
  
 
 
 
 
 
 

BAHASA INGGRIS 2

TUGAS SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS 2

NAMA                 : YELPI  PERTIWI

KELAS                : 1EA26

NPM                     : 17215230

DOSEN                : NONI  MARLIANINGSIH

MATERI             : 1.  CONTINUOUS  TENSE ( PROGRESSIVE )

                               2.  PERFECT  TENSE

                               3.  FUTURE  TENSE

A.    Present Continuous Tense (Progressive)

The Present Continuous is mainly used to express the idea that something is happening at the moment of speaking. The Present Continuous also describes activities generally in progress (not at the moment). Another use of the tense is to talk about temporary actions or future plans.

      Basic form

 

Subject + IS/ARE + Verb I + ing (continuous form)

     Quick examples

1                  -   He is sleeping.

2                  -   I am visiting grandpa in the afternoon.

3                  -  You are always coming late for the meetings!

 Use

 Use 1: Present Actions

 Most often, we use the Present Continuous tense to talk about actions happening at the moment of  speaking.

 ·    He is eating a dinner.

 ·   Mary is talking with her friends.

 ·   They are swimming in the pool.

 Stative (State) Verbs

 There is a certain group of verbs that usually does not appear in the Continuous form. They are  calledStative (State) Verbs, and if used in the Continuous form, they have a different meaning.

 Examples:

·                     I think you look pretty today. meaning: Opinion

·                     I'm thinking of moving to San Francisco. meaning: Act of thinking

Explanation

In this cartoon, you can see a man in the shower who says: "I'm taking a shower now". 

·   Why is the Present Continuous tense used in this example? Because the Johny is taking shower at this precise moment.

Use 2: Temporary Actions

This tense is also used for activities continuing only for a limited period of time.

·   I'm riding a bike to get to work because my car is broken. Temporary Action (His car will  soon be repaired)

·   They are not talking with each other after the last argument. Temporary Action (They will soon make up)

·   Mary is working at McDonald's. Temporary Action (She is working there only during the summer holidays)

Use 3: Longer Actions in Progress

We also use the Present Continuous when we are in the middle of doing something time-consuming (i.e. something that takes time to complete). An example of such an activity is writing a book, saving money or studying for an exam.

·   They are working hard to earn money.

·   I am training to become a professional footballer.

·   Mike is studying hard to become a doctor.

·   Elizabeth is currently writing a children's book titled I am the World.

Use 4: Future (Personal) Arrangements and Plans

Sometimes we use the Present Continuous to show that something is planned and will be done in the near future.

·   I'm meeting Katie in the evening.

·   He's flying to Rome in September.

·   We're not going anywhere tomorrow.

Use 5: Tendencies and Trends

This tense is also used for expressing tendencies or trends.

·   Our country is getting richer.

·   The Internet is becoming less of a novelty.

·   The Universe is expanding.

Use 6: Irritation or Anger

And the last use of this tense is to express irritation or anger over somebody or something in the present with adverbs such as: always, continually or contantly.

·   She is continually complaining about everything!

·   Johny is always asking stupid questions!

·   My boss is contantly critising me!

Form

To form a sentence in the Present Continuous, you have to:

·   know the proper conjugation of the .

Person	Singular	Plural
First	I am	We are
Second	You are	You are
Third	He/she/it is	They are

       ·   add the "ing" suffix to the verb (to form the present participle of the verb). Examples:

          -  try + ing = trying

          -  go + ing = going

  Contracted forms :

-                       I + am = I'm

-                       is + not = isn't

-                      are + not = aren't

-                       he + is = he's

-                       she + is = she's

-                        it + is= it's

Declarative Sentences

Subject	+	IS/ARE	+	Verb + ING
e.g. he, she, a dog, etc.				e.g. walking, going, taking, etc.

 

Examples

I am reading a book.

They are swimming in the sea.

I am having my first driving lesson this week.

He's studying to become lawyer one day

She is always asking me stupid questions.

       

       Negative Sentences

Subject	+	IS NOT / ARE NOT	+	Verb + ING
e.g. he, she, a dog, etc.				e.g. walking, going, taking, etc.

	Examples
	He isn't joking.
	We aren't waiting for my uncle.
	He is not going to school tomorrow.

       Questions Sentences

Subject	+	IS/ARE	+	Verb + ING
e.g. he, she, a dog, etc.				e.g. walking, going, taking, etc.

	Examples
	Is she eating my cake now?
	Are they having the party on Friday or Saturday?
	Are you meeting David today?
	Is Mary having breakfast now?

       Question and answer

            1.   Love is visiting bali. He is now in kuta beach swimming

            2.  Are you eating lunch now?

            3.  She wants to go to Jakarta right now

            4.  Why don’t you just shut up. You are always complaining about it

            5.  At the students are now gathering at the sport hall waiting for the game to start.

            6.   Lutfi likes chocolate now

            7.  Come here now. We are waiting for you

            8.  Sorry I can’t finish it now. I am busy. I am preparing my presentations

            9.  We are leaving tomorrow morning at 7 o’clock. We are flying with garuda

           10. This bus leaves at 10 this morning

     B.    Present Perfect Tense

            The Present Perfect is used to express actions that happened at anindefinite time or that               began in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used when an activity has an         effect on

          Basic form:

Subject + HAS/HAVE + Verb III (past participle form)

   Quick examples

               ·    I have read this book.

               ·   The man has gone away.

               ·    John has worked as a teacher for over 25 years.

    Use

    Use 1: Indefinite time before now

    Use the Present Perfect to talk about actions that happened at some point in the past. It does               not matter when exactly they happened.

      ·     I have already had a breakfast.

      ·    He has been to England.

     Remember

     You should not use this tense with time expressions like yesterday, a week ago, last year, etc.

    -    I have seen it yesterday.

    -    We have gone to Paris last year.

     Use 2: Effect on the present moment

     We also use this tense to when an activity has an effect on the present moment.

       ·     He has finished his work. (so he can now rest)

       ·     I have already eaten the dinner. (so I'm not hungry)

       ·     He has had a car accident. (that's why he is in the hospital)

     

     Use 3: Continuation in the present

     We often use the Present Perfect when we want to emphasize that an event continues in the                present.

       ·     Mary has worked as a teacher for over 25 years.

       ·     Patrick has achieved a lot in his life.

     For and Since

     Since and For are very common time expressions used with the Present Perfect.

     We use For with a period of time, for example:

    -   I have lived here for 20 years.

    -  When talking about a starting point, we use Since, for example:

    -   I have lived here since 1960.

      Form

      To form a sentence in the Present Perfect, you need:

      1.  The proper conjugation of the auxiliary verb "to have".

      2.  The Past Participle of your verb.

     

      1. Auxiliary Verb "to have"

          We conjugate the auxiliary verb "to have" the same way we would conjugate the normal               verb "to have".

Person	Singular	Plural
First	I have	We have
Second	You have	You have
Third	He/she/it has	They have

         As you can see, the third person singular is irregular.

         More examples:

            ·    She has never seen my brother.

            ·     Neither Mike nor Tom has ever driven a truck.

      2. The Past Participle

          The past participle of a verb is a verb form that appears with the perfect tenses. The past             participle can be either regular or irregular.

            

             ·  The regular verbs are formed by adding -ed to the verb: 

· 

Verb	Past Participle
talk	Talked
explain	Explained
use	Used
deliver	Delivered
Include	Included
Achieve	Achieved

             ·   The formation of the irregular verbs does not follow one rule. Therefore, they should be                     memorized. 

· 

Verb	Past Participle	Learn more
Be	been	be
Become	become	become
See	seen	see
Go	gone	go
Eat	eaten	eat
Grow	grown	grow

       Declarative Sentences

Subject	+	HAS/HAVE	+	Verb (past participle form)
e.g. he, she, a dog, etc.				e.g. gone, taken, done, etc.

 

	Examples
	We have already had breakfast.
	I have bought new shades.
	I am having my first driving lesson this week.
	He's studying to become lawyer one day.
	Someone has just taken my bag!
	Jane has never been so angry.
	He has been our most serious partner for so long that I can assure you he's a very decent man.

       

 Negative Sentences

Subject	+	HAS NOT / HAVE NOT	+	Verb (past participle form)
e.g. he, she, a dog, etc.				e.g. gone, taken, done, etc.

	Examples
	He hasn't taken any drug for two years.
	I haven't met my perfect partner yet.
	They haven't contacted you, have they?

       

  Questions Sentences

HAS/HAVE	+	Subject	+	Verb (past participle form)
		e.g. he, she, a dog, etc.		e.g. gone, taken, done, etc.

	Examples
	Have you ever seen this program?
	Where has she lived for the past 21 years?
	Have you found the telephone number?
	Has anyone taken my bag?
	Have you ever been to France?
	Has anyone taken my bag?

 Trivia

 In sentences with adverbials such as ever, already or yet, American-English speakers may use  the Past Simple rather than the Present Perfect. So, an American would say:

·                     -  Did you go to the post office yet? (Past Simple)

   rather than:

·                     - Have you gone to the post office yet? (Present Perfect)

         Question and Answer

         1   I have bought some new shoes. Do you want to see them

         2. Where is liz? She has gone out

         3. I’m looking for jhon. Have you seen him?

         4. Does siti know that you’re going away? Yes, I have told her

         5. Look! Somebody has broken that window

         6. I know that woman but I have forgetten her name

         7. Where are my glasses? I don’t know. I haven’t seen them

         8. Rina is having a party tonight. She has invited a lot of people

        9.  What are you going to do?  Have you decided?

        10   I can’t find my umbrella. Somebody has taken it

         

       C.    Future Simple

      

       Basic form

Subject + WILL + Verb I (present form)

      Quick examples

       ·     I will clean up my room. I promise!

       ·    The telephone is ringing. I will pick it up!

       ·     I think it will rain.

       ·     He will stay there for hours, doing nothing.

       ·     The Future Simple is used in many situations such as when making promises or                            predictions.

      Going to

      You can also use going to to express future. We use it to express predictions based on                   observing the present situation:

        ·      It's going to rain. Look at the clouds!

       Use

       Use 1: Promises

       The first use of the Future Simple to make promises.

          ·     I promise I will buy you this toy.

          ·     Promise you will never leave me!

       Use 2: Unplanned actions

       Use this tense also to talk about unplanned (spontaneous) decisions.

          ·     Don't worry! I will help you with this problem.

          ·      I will close the window. It's starting to rain.

       Use 3: Predictions

       We often use the Future Simple when making a prediction based on experience or intuition.

          ·     It will rain in a moment.

          ·     It will get more difficult.

       Use 4: Habits

       The last use of this tense is interesting: we can also use the Future Simple to express habits.

          ·     She will bit her lip if she is thinking or if she's nervous about something.

          ·     He will always make noise when we are sleeping.

             Shall

        You can also use shall to express future in Future Simple. It is more formal than will, and             usually appears in formal speeches, agreements or guarantees.

        Examples:

         ·    The guarantee shall be provided on the following conditions: (...)

         ·    We shall never surrender!

        Form

        Contracted forms

         ·     WILL = 'LL

        She'll dance = she will dance

         ·     WILL + NOT = WON'T

        She won't dance = she will not dance

      Declarative Sentences

Subject	+	Auxiliary verb	+	Verb
e.g. I/a dog etc.		will		e.g.work/go/make

Remember

Remember, you should never use will to say what somebody has already arranged or decided to do in the future:

·         Correct: Mike is moving to New Jersey next month.

·         Incorrect: Mike will move to New Jersey next month. 

·         I think he will regret his choice. (Use 3)

·         I will come back at 10 p.m. (Use 1)

·         If you will keep your watch half an hour slow it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments. (Use 4)

·         John will keep dropping his towel on the floor after a bath. (Use 4)

·         I will visit my grandma at hospital. (Use 1 or Use 2)

·         Let's buy the snacks at the supermarket — it will be cheaper that way. (Use 3)

Negative Sentences

Subject	+	Auxiliary verb	+	Verb
e.g. I/a dog etc.		will not		e.g.work/go/make

·      I won't take any heavy equipment with me. (Use 2)

·      I'm sorry I won't be able to help you with your English today. (Use 2)

·      I expect that Sally will not clean up her room, unless you help her. (Use 3)

Questions

Auxiliary verb	+	Subject	+	Verb
will		e.g. I/a dog etc.		e.g.work/go/make

Remember

We often use "will" with:

probably, most likely	I'll probably drop in on uncle.
I think	This gift is great. I think we'll love it.
I'm sure	It's not going to be boring there. I'm sure there will be a lot of boys at your age
I wonder (if, what, when, etc.)	It's a bit late. I wonder if he'll come.
I expect	I haven't seen Matthew today. I expect he'll call today.

·      Will he be surprised when he sees me? (Use 3)

·      Will Mark be able to do the shopping before 10 a.m.? (Use 3)

·      Will there be plenty of people in church? (Use 3)

·      Will you study harder? (Use 1)

     Question and Answer

     1.    She is getting married in January 2016

     2.    What will I learn in civil engineering?

     3.    Your parents will be happier if you visit your parents at least once a week

     4.    When you read this letter, I will be 1000 miles away from our city

     5.    There will be no drastic changes at the company in 2017

     6.    Tomorrow will be cloudy

     7.    I think the corruption suspect will tell the truth

     8.    After normalization,the reservoir will be able to store 200.000 cubic metres of water

     9.    I’m going to buy a used truck next month

    10.  Watch carefully, I will show you how to boost your computer’s speed

    References:

    http://www.englishtenses.com/tenses/present continuous

    http://english-mygrammar.blogspot.com/2013/04/jawaban-latihan-more-on-present.html?m=1

    http://www.englishtenses.com/tenses/present_perfect

    http://belajarbahasainggrisonlinegratis.blogspot.co.id/2013/12/exercise-21-present-perfect-                      tense.html

    http://www.englishtenses.com/tenses/future_simple

    http://www.wordsmile.com/soal-simple-future-tense-pilihan-ganda-jawabannya